It is a difficult to accurately estimate the rotor position in a surface permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM). especially for low speed conditions because the back electromotive force (EMF) is almost zero. In this paper. an improved sliding mode observer (SMO) with a continuous sliding mode switching function (which could reduce the chattering effect) is proposed to estimate the... https://www.roneverhart.com/1915-Old-Taylor-Bourbon-Bottled-1933-Prohibition-Bottling-Quart-low-fill/